A 2011 study of California and New York arrest data led by Pennsylvania State University criminologist Darrell Steffensmeier found that blacks commit homicide at 11 times the rate of whites and robbery at 12 times the rate of whites

In New York City, blacks commit over 75% of all shootings, according to the victims of and witnesses to those shootings, though they are only 23% of the city’s population. They commit 70% of all robberies. Whites, by contrast, commit under 2% of all shootings and 4% of all robberies, though they are 34% of the city’s population. In the 75 largest county jurisdictions in 2009, blacks were 62% of robbery defendants, 61% of weapons offenders, 57% of murder defendants, and 50% of forgery cases, even though nationwide, blacks are 12% of the population. They dominated the drug-trafficking cases more than possession cases. Blacks made up 53% of all state trafficking defendants in 2009, whites made up 22%, and Hispanics 23%, whereas in possession prosecutions, blacks were 39% of defendants, whites 34%, and Hispanics 26%.